Gender Comparisons in Cognitive Abilities Essay Example for Free

Gender Comparisons in Cognitive Abilities Essay Gender differences are not only noticeable in physical and reproductive areas as far as men and women are concerned. These physical and reproductive differences are minimal in terms of the determinants of how men and women operate as far as other issues relating to their cognition are concerned (Gur et al. 1999). Sex hormones that are secreted during their development are responsible for the difference in brain organizations of men and women. Men and women have been shown by several studies to learn differently due to the difference in their cognition. Kimura (2000) postulated that even at infancy, girls gaze at objects longer than boys an argument that gives premise to the fact that boys have attention problems. Their sensory systems show a discrepancy even at such a young age, something that persists into old age. In addition to the above, women tend to remember some things like land marks better than the men who remember directions and distance. These are the spatial cues that the men are better off in as opposed to women (Kimura 2000). A myriad of other differences have been suggested especially in linguistic, interpersonal, logical and mathematical, musical, intrapersonal and linguistic among other areas. As the environment starts acting on the individual boys and girls after birth, they already have wired brains that show differences in how they respond to the above areas that lead to the differences. The females and males differences in their intellectual faculties lie in their abilities rather than their Intelligence Quotient, which may be the same in girls and boys, all other factors held constant but the sampled girls and boys will have differences in their linguistic and most probably their spatial abilities. Different areas of the brain are suited for various tasks and which the males and females have differing usage abilities in. Spatial differences On average, studies have found that male outperform female in spatial activities/ spatial visualizations like in situations that require the rotation of objects in a given space or in manipulation of objects in one way or another or just mental rotation. They are also able to outdo women in tasks which deal with maneuvering of their way through a maze of routes but this does not include grasping of landmarks for use as a means to remember their routes while women are able to recall landmarks more than men can. In addition to this, men are better off than women in the accuracy with which they target objects either in movement or in their static positions. They also do well in disembedding hidden objects. This extends to interception or guiding of projectiles and ability to realize any movements in the field of vision. This performance cuts across all ages as shown by Kaufman et. al (1999) that used the Weischeler Adult Intelligence Scales-Revised (WAIS-R) in determining fluids and crystallized differences in men and women. The study states that the ability to target an object develops well before puberty. The performance of men and women on Block Design, Digital Symbol and Information showed that men outperformed women in Block Design and Information while women did better than men in Digital Symbol. Verbal fluency In 2003, Shaywitz et al. were able to discern differences in gender as far as the brain’s language functional organization is concerned. They used a study called the functional resonance imaging and through this, females showed more abilities in verbal fluency than men. This included their manner of acquisition and longer spans of attention in conversation unlike men who lagged behind. They also tended to excel in memory tasks like fluency in generation of synonyms and better rapidity of identification of matching objects or items because their perception skills are better than those of their male counterparts (Shaywitz, B et al. (1995,). Kimura, 1996). They demonstrate better recall ability linked to verbal fluency than men in addition to having a higher episodic memory. They also show a greater ability to reckon words that begin with a certain letter more than the men can do. The fields of priming, semantic and primary memories do not however show any difference in men and women. Men on the other hand showed better performance in semantic measures and a higher order in the crystallized factor of intelligence. Due to the bigger cortical space in females assigned for language and its functions, there is less space left for the working of the spatial space which implies that females cannot be better than men in both language and spatial abilities. Problem-Solving Tasks There are differences in gender as far as the brain’s problem-solving tasks are concerned as reported by Gur et al. (1999) that conducted various studies and presented test to a sample of men and women under same condition. The results were basis for the conclusion drawn. First, arithmetic differences tests showed that men are higher cognitive abilities in terms of mathematics calculations and reasoning than women. In this test, set of mathematical based questions were asked to the selected sample; men responded more accurate and quick than women who displayed slowness and inaccuracy in calculated responses. In another experiment, a piece of paper was folded with a punched hole, and then the participants were asked to determine where punched hole shall fall if the paper shall be unfolded. Most men responded correctly and quickly in determining where the hole shall fall should the paper be opened than their female counterparts. Moreover, objects and images were placed before the participant and asked to rotate objects and manipulate the images. Men excelled better than women on this problem-solving task. Lastly, studies show that when men and women are targeting or aiming at an object, men are more likely to get their target than women can. This implies that women are less accurate in target-directed motor skills for example intercepting projectiles. To assert this finding, the practical example that can be used to explain this target-direct motor skill is by essence that men are good at target involving games like dart playing than women. Therefore, problem-solving task favors men than women in the sense that men perform better than women in spatial undertakings like tasks that involve mental rotating objects. Emotional coping Cognitive abilities of an individual to great extend help in process of coping with stress or depression. The essence that facilitates connection between coping with emotions and cognitive abilities is because through use of intelligence that a person can think, perceive and react to the surrounding. In this regard, intelligence needed to cope with emotions is defined as cognitive ability and content of the thought which differ greatly in men than women (Shaywitz et al. 1999; Gur et al. 1999). The meta-analyses studies conducted found that men are less affected with emotions than women. For instance, women were found to be affected by maladaptive or negative thinking about an emotional problem than male. Men usually indulge in alcoholism, aggressive behaviors and violent behaviors. While women are worse affected by the emotional since are usually depressed and can develop various eating and psychological disorders like bulimic or anxiety. Differences in precision in manual tasks Women are a bit faster than men in precision as far as some manual tasks like placing pegs in the holes on a given board. Coupled with their ability to recall the positions of objects more precisely than men, women show a greater likelihood of replacing an object to its initial position with a greater accuracy than men or state whether a given object had been displaced or not. Women therefore show a better fine motor coordination as compared to men The neuroanatomic difference in males and females has been found to contribute to cognitive abilities especially those that are sexual in nature. Females have XX genetic make-up while males have XY. These genes play a great role in differentiation and it is due to the absence of the Y chromosome in females that leads to the release of androgens which are the male hormones. These hormones cause the female to develop. Some periods when there is the release of sex hormones, there is an impact in the brain which leads to differences in cognition from the periods when there is no hormonal release. Prenatal development period has shown the greatest levels of hormone release according to several researches done (Shaywitz et. al 2003). During puberty the levels of the hormones do rise again and these fluctuations continue throughout one’s life span. Research has established that girls who were exposed to high testosterone levels were shown to display greater spatial skills when compared with other girls who had not been exposed to the hormone. This shows that the male hormone testosterone is responsible for the spatial abilities that males have. Males show some excellence at problem-solving in school more than females in addition to working out multiple choice tests better than females. Such examinations like SATs are performed in better by males than females who, apparently do well in written and untimed tests while getting higher overall grades in their schooling years. Girls have also proved to be better performers in math than males up to high school level where they drop, an aspect that has been attributed to the inclusion of m ore spatially oriented math in which the girls appear to be lower in performance than males (Shaywitz, B et al. 1995). Males are known to have a larger brain than females with a size which is 10% larger than that of females. Some researches have indicated that there is a correlation between the size of the brain and intellectual abilities. The males’ brains have more cerebrospinal and white matter than the brains of females. More white matter according to Gur et. al 2000 (cited in Shaywitz et. al 2003) is responsible for the information transfer to other regions of the brain thus contributing to their superb spatial abilities while the women who have more of the grey matter enhance greater processing capacity and efficiency. As has been stated earlier on, the brain is laterized such that one hemisphere dominate t6he other in a given or given fuction(s). The brain’s two halves are more laterized in the performance of some cognitive functions. In males, the laterization is more pronounced than in the females due to the neurohumoral interactions mediated by the testosterone hormone. Fourie and Stuart (2006) carried out an investigation on the role of gender and temperament in Functional Hemispheric Asymmetry and perception of emotional stimuli. In this investigation, they used a total population sample of 112 with females being 58 and men 54. The sample had four groups of students who were right-handed and chosen in terms of their gender, and temperament. Their levels of neuroticism, introversion and extroversion were measured using a personality questionnaire. The Divided Visual Field Technique, their differential hemisphere performance regarding latency and accuracy were determined. After the use of T-square test (Hotelling’s), the results showed that the accuracy in terms of the response time scores in men and women had a great difference in the way the two genders process their emotional stimuli. Women were found to do so faster and more accurately than their male counterparts in the processing and response to emotional stimuli. There are also some gender differences in maladaptive thinking and coping with stressful situations. The risk of depression in men is 8-12% while in women it has been found to be between 20-26%. Disorders related to depression affect about 70% of women and 30% of men due to the fact that women show uncontrollability in perception more than men (Kaufman, 1999 Voyer, 2005). Individuals with unilateral brain lesions or damages were studied (Inglis Lawson 2001) and it was found that males lost their verbal ability more than the females after both genders suffered damages in the left hemispheres. Men also lost their spatial abilities after a brain damage on their right hemispheres. Women were found to be better off than men in verbal ability even after suffering the same damage on either lobe. This justifies the fact that language and spatial abilities are bilaterally represented less in men than in women. Brain organization The human brain organization is an important part aligning for performing the cognitive tasks. The human brain has two hemispheres which are specialized in carry a specific kind of activity better that the other hemisphere. Brain organization for male is more lateralized to its cognitive functions than women brain. The major difference in lateralization of the brain is the hormonal roles (Shaywitz, et al. 1999). For instance, the testerone hormone facilitates neurohormonal linkage during early stages of cognitive development creating dimorphism in cerebral (Kimura, 1992). On the other hand, women brain is less lateralized with more of its portion assigned to verbal or language tasks. In electrical activities, men show they use their right hemisphere for spatial activities as opposed to women who use their left hemisphere. Conclusion In conclusion, the paper has discussed with illustrations the major gender cognitive difference between men and women. In the discussion, the paper has Spatial differences, Verbal fluency, Problem-Solving Tasks, Emotional coping, Differences in precision in manual tasks, and Brain organization. However, a point of worth to note is that there is distinct difference between the female and male cognitive abilities which is influenced by brain structures such as hypothalamus region. Moreover, SDN (sexually dimorphic nucleus) is smaller in women while larger for males. References Gur, RC et al. (1999) â€Å"Sex differences in brain; correlations with cognitive performance† Journal of Neuroscience, 29, p. 4042-4059 Kimura, D. (2002). â€Å"Sex, sex hormones and sexual orientation influence on human cognitive function† Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 16, p. 261-268 Kimura, D. (1998). Sex differences in the brain, Scientific American, 10, p. 26-31 Kaufman, A et al. (1999), â€Å"Intellectual growth pattern and decline across the adult life-span for women and men† Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, p. 759-802 Shaywitz, B et al. (1995), â€Å"Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language† Nature, 363, p. 595-610. Shaywitz, S et al. (1999). â€Å"Estrogen changes functional organization of brain† Journal of the American Medical Association, 271, p. 1103-11513. Voyer, D. (2005) â€Å"A meta- analysis of Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities† Psychological Bulletin, 107, p. 252-273

to have and have not :: essays research papers

My book is "To have and have not" by Ernest Hemingway. He is by far my favorite author, he is a bit racist though. He tells the story of Harry Morgan in this book. It is a dramatic peice of fiction that deals with trhe issue of a mans choice bettween killing or letting his family starve. He does everything in his to feed his family. He begins rum-running bettween Cuba and Key West. That is the reason that his boat gets seized by the Coast Guard. He has this ship mate who he calls a certian word over and over. It is sad that life is so hard for him. In part one Harry Morgan is running a fishing charter operation. He is in the bar waiting for the charter to arrive. He is approached by 3 cubans who speak good english. They talk and they ask him to take them some where I think Cuba. They offer him a thousand a peice he tells them he cant take them. The big one starts to get angry with him. He threatens to slit Harry's throat and then he calms down. Harry tells them no and finially they head twoard the door. As they walked out the door a closed car drove up and had a shoot out with them they all were killed. Harry went down to the docks to wait at his boat for the charter but they were already on board. The charterer was a guy named Johnson and he brought a rummy along with him. Harry takes them fishing and they lose his equipment. When the next mourning comes Johnson is nowhere to be seen he skips oput on paying Morgan for the equipment or the bill. This is where the plot complicates you see he now has no fishing buisness so he has to find another way to feed his family. So he does odd jobs here and there. He meets up with a man called Mr. Sing. He was a chink. He wanted Harry to transport something for him. He also wants harry to carry some men for him. Harry agrees and takes the two hundred dollars.

An investigation into the ways Essay

An investigation into the ways in which the language and the subject matter of Hamlet’s three soliloquies reveal the key concerns of the play. The most common portrayal of Hamlet is of a person seeking truth in order to be certain that he is justified in carrying out the revenge called for by a ghost that claims to be the spirit of his father. Other views see Hamlet as indecisive or even unwilling to carry out a duty of obligation to his murdered father. The purpose of Hamlet’s soliloquies is to outline his thoughts and feelings, it reveals his innermost beliefs and offers an unbiased perspective as it is merely him talking to the audience, albeit not directly. Each soliloquy delves further into Hamlet’s motivations, or lack thereof, and psyche. Each soliloquy, each slightly different, is all united by vivid imagery, introspective language, and discussion of Hamlet’s delay of action. Shakespeare reveals the key concerns of the play inevitably, meaning it touches on love, betrayal, murder and revenge, which where commonly found in plays around the time Hamlet was written. Therefore, Hamlet’s first soliloquy (Act 1, scene ii) is essential to the play as it highlights his inner conflict caused by the events of the play. It reveals his true feelings and as such emphasizes the difference between his public appearance, his attitude towards Claudius in the previous scene is less confrontational than here where he is directly insulted as a â€Å"satyr†, and his feelings within himself. In the first soliloquy Hamlet appears very distressed even contemplating suicide. He desires his flesh to â€Å"melt†, and wishes that God had not made â€Å"self-slaughter† a sin. As dew does, Hamlet wishes to evaporate with the sunrise and leave his troubled kingdom behind. He says that the world is â€Å"weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable†. Stating that he thinks of life as nothing else but tedious and foul, which causes one to assume that he believes that it is better to die then live a life full of pain and agony. After describing his desires for death, Hamlet then continues to describe the state of his kingdom as an â€Å"unweeded† garden. Hamlet seems to view Denmark as a metaphorical Garden of Eden which is now totally corrupt, Perhaps Hamlet is to become the gardener and solve the infestation of corruption. Hamlet’s despair stems from his mother’s marriage to his uncle and it is this that is the driving force behind what is communicated. His constant repetition of the time in which it took the two to get married, â€Å"But two months dead†¦yet within a month†¦A little month†¦Within a month†¦most wicked speed†, suggests his disgust at the situation. One instance it can be seen is in the first soliloquy â€Å"for I must hold my tongue† this shows that Hamlet cannot share his thoughts, therefore he must keep his feelings hidden behind his appearance. In comparison, in the second soliloquy Hamlet talks of Claudius as a â€Å"smiling damned villain!† here he is implying the evil reality behind Claudius’s genial appearance. This key theme of betrayal makes the play very dramatic in places as it creates a sense of impending evil. In the second soliloquy Hamlet expresses his anger at the accession of his uncle Claudius and at his mother’s hasty remarriage. Hamlet encounters the ghost of his dead father, who informs him that he was murdered by Claudius, and commands Hamlet to avenge him. Hamlet is unsure whether the ghost he has seen is truly his father, and suspects that it might be an evil spirit impersonating him. He therefore sets out to test the king’s conscience through feigning insanity, and by staging a play re-enacting the circumstances of the murder, â€Å"The play’s the thing, Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King†. (Act II, scene II) Shakespeare makes Hamlet end his soliloquy with two excellent lines as they round up the whole soliloquy; â€Å"the plays the thing, wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King.† This explains his idea because if the King’s guilt shows he’ll have more proof, and is also a positive sign as he starts to get a more stable state of mind. Also the last two lines are rhyming couplets, which create the audience to react in such a way that Hamlet has somewhat a stable mind. Hamlet’s melancholic language in his first soliloquy, â€Å"But break, my heart,† is in stark contrast to the determination and triumph in his second soliloquy â€Å"yes, by heaven!†. Furthermore, the structures in both soliloquies have some comparisons. In both soliloquies there is the use of broken syntax to show the raw emotion in Hamlet’s voice. In his first soliloquy, â€Å"But two months dead – nay, not so much, not two† the use of broken syntax shows how heartbroken and upset Hamlet is. The most famous soliloquy, â€Å"To be or not to be† is a question that set the audience thinking. This is Shakespeare making Hamlet question his existence. It relates to the theme of corruption. Hamlet is asking himself if there is any point of him existing. This seems to be the case when Claudius and Polonius are spying on him. But when scrutinized it could be that Hamlet knows of the spying and is saying this just to confuse Claudius and Polonius more. This is very clever because although it seems like he is mad he is, in actual fact, not. The suggestion of death occurs throughout Hamlet’s third soliloquy and the cruelty of life is victimized by fortune. â€Å"To die, to sleep†, sleep is a metaphor for death. Hamlet uses violent imagery to represent his thoughts, â€Å"The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune†. He uses a metaphor â€Å"a sea of troubles† to symbolize the variance in his mind. Repetition of the word â€Å"Sleep† demonstrates Hamlet procrastinates, and is reluctant to kill his uncle. He is trying to escape from the problems and promises that await him. Hamlet compares life to a calamity, â€Å"That makes calamity of so long life†. His words are punctuated with sorrow, â€Å"mortal coil†. Hamlet is comparing his duties to time’s brutality â€Å"whips and scorns of time†. Hamlet also expresses the longing to return to dust, a precursor of his later soliloquy where he contemplates the same idea. We feel a real sense of Hamlet’s disturbed nature; whether he is actually mad or not is debatable, but that he is troubled by the weight of responsibility to avenge his father’s death is unquestionable. The mention of the â€Å"quintessence of dust† is not fully expanded on at this point, but is effective in illustrating Hamlet’s mental decline. He questions whether â€Å"to be or not to be† and expresses a longing for the â€Å"sleep of death†, but a fear â€Å"of something after death†, preventing such actions. Hamlet’s sentences are generally short and disjointed in this soliloquy, â€Å"To die, to sleep† showing Hamlet’s mood is agitated and he is distressed. Iambic pentameter is used in both the second and third soliloquies because it is a recognized poetic device and can reflect normal speech, which is the way Hamlet is supposed to be speaking. In the second soliloquy Shakespeare again includes lots of dramatic pauses to break up the speech and also to give a climax to what Hamlet will say next. The sentences are long in the third soliloquy, because Hamlet is almost talking to himself and so does not slow down or pause very often and so he rambles on, because his thoughts are â€Å"running away from him† uncontrolled. Also, in this soliloquy Hamlet is philosophizing about death and what’s after death and so he does not speak as he would if somebody else was there. The soliloquy is more realistic because if it rhymed then it would have to have been already thought up and it is supposed to be spontaneous. The sentences are rather disjointed showing Hamlet, at this moment in the play, as a slightly â€Å"mad† character. In this speech Hamlet repeats the words â€Å"To die, to sleep† which helps to show that even though Hamlet tries to talk about something other than suicide he cannot help thinking about death as something as peaceful as sleep because that’s what he wants to think.

Human Rights Violations in China - Should Western...

The United Nations office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2010) claims that everyone is equally entitled to human rights without discrimination. In the western society, the principles of freedom, democracy and human rights are fundamental rights. However, the People’s Republic of China, commonly known as China, is still known as the largest human rights violator in the world. This raises the question whether or not western companies should continue doing business in China despite of the human rights violations. To find an answer to this question, the human rights violations and the values of the Chinese population will be analysed. Furthermore, the impact of these violations on the business world will be discussed. Human rights†¦show more content†¦Confucianism emphasised harmony and stressed the importance of the collective rather than the individual. The communist Chinese government claims that according to the Asian values, the welfare of the collective Chinese population should always proceed any rights of any individual and in order to create a harmonious society, it is sometimes necessary to force individuals to sacrifice their rights for the wider needs of the society (People’s Daily, 2005). We cannot blame China for slowly implementing the rights of the West. Keep in mind that even the most advanced liberal democracies have only relatively recently implemented human rights. An example of this is the racial segregation in the United States in the 1960s (Breslin Taylor, 2008). Burstein De Keijzer indicate that human rights are often simply a part of a political agenda. How is it possible that for example the United States is able to create close ties and do not overwhelm the human rights agenda in countries such as Indonesia, India or Saudi Arabia, which also violate human rights according to Western standards (as cited in Breslin Taylor, 2008). Keeping in mind China’s stage of development and its discourse on human rights, it should be pointed out that China has made considerable progress over the last few decades. The Chinese business environment. The economic reforms implemented by the government over the past two decades have allowed China to evolve from a centrally planned economy,Show MoreRelatedNon Market Strategy Recommendation For Foxconn1542 Words   |  7 PagesConsulting DATE: October, 25, 2015 SUBJECT: Non-Market Strategy Recommendation for Foxconn Foxconn Technology Group is the number one firm among Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) providers since 2005, and is a global firm that goes beyond China and Taiwan. 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5 Reasons to Support Your Local Community Theater

When I was still in my teens, a friend was directing a community theater production of Once Upon a Mattress, a musical retelling of They desperately needed a spotlight operator, so I obliged. On opening night, as I sat up above the audience, I watched as the people chatted anxiously. I witnessed their hushed awe as the stage manager lowered the houselights. Then, after the curtains were drawn, and the opening number began, I spotted one energetic performer after another. After that night, I was hooked on plays. I didn’t simply fall in love with theater because of its entertainment value. That evening I learned that community theaters benefit not just the audience but the entire community. So, why should you support your local playhouse? Here are a few ideas to consider: Nurture New Artists: Many successful actors, directors, writers, and choreographers have launched their careers in humble, small town playhouses. Just by attending and applauding, audiences give up-and-coming stars the positive feedback they need to continue their artistic pursuits. Also, many community theaters offer classes for children’s productions. The stage develops confidence and responsibility within young performers. In my experience, I have seen the shyest of children improve her communication skills. When I directed children’s shows for a local civic light opera, I met a seven year old girl named Megan who only spoke in whispers; she didn’t have any friends at the beginning of rehearsals. However, the choreographer noticed that she moved very gracefully. We gave her a special dance solo. It boosted her self-esteem. Soon, she was an outgoing, talkative, and friendly part of the cast. Share Valuable Skills: Community theaters need more than just cast members. Anyone that can sew a costume, paint a backdrop, build a staircase, or edit a sound effect is a desirable addition to the company. Novices of a particular skill, such as construction or lighting, can increase their ability by working alongside veteran craftsmen. Likewise, experts can enjoy sharing their knowledge and passing their craftsmanship to the next generation.    Advertise Locally:    Small business owners should financially support playhouses, and not just for altruistic reasons. A good thirty minutes before a show, most audience members spend their time thumbing through the program, inspecting the actor bios. It’s the perfect opportunity to advertise. Theater goers are essentially a captive audience while they scan through the program. Small business can use this time to reach hundreds of potential customers. Ad space is relatively inexpensive and will help the performing arts thrive.    Socialize with New People:    Whether you work as an assistant director, a chorus member, the star of the show or a stagehand, one thing is certain: you will meet new friends. There is something exhilarating about putting on a show. It brings people close together; it tests their skills, and it enlightens audiences. Many lifelong friendships and relationships have been formed while practicing sword fighting, stage-kissing, or falling through a trap door. There is a strong bond with all who band together to put on a play. We become friends because we work as one to tell as story.    Be Part of the Storytelling Process:    Plays are an ancient form of storytelling. It’s a creative ritual still very much alive despite the age of  Youtube. Most community theaters produce time-tested classics such as Man of La Mancha, Death of a Salesman, A Streetcar Named Desire, and Some are light hearted; some are deep and profound. All offer a message to the audience. Classic and contemporary plays speak to us because they explore what it means to be human. Those who participate in the storytelling process can feel proud knowing they are spreading a positive message to their community. So go audition. Offer up your skills. Advertise in the program. Contribute your time and energy. And by all means, go see a show! You’ll become a part of the vibrant, long-cherished tradition of the theatrical storytelling. â€Å"The powerful Play goes on, and you may contribute a verse.† -- Walt Whitman

The Fourteenth Amendment - 945 Words

The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868. This ratification altered the balance of state and federal power. It prevented states from denying basic civil rights and gave Congress power to implement its assurance of liberty and equality. Despite that each state was required to approve the Fourteenth Amendment which granted â€Å"equal protection† of the Constitution to former slaves, the Ku Klux Klan did not honor this protection. Not only didn’t the Klan disregard the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court also became unsympathetic to the rights of blacks and wary of congressional interference in state affairs. The Supreme Court severely limited Congress’ civil rights power by tapering interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment, which led to many civil rights being watered down. Bond (2011) shared how whippings where the first torture used on blacks in the south. But, within several weeks, there were bloody turmoil between the Ku Klux Klan and blacks. Dissembling of the Klan Bond (2011) stated by the late 1860s, the Ku Klux Klan greatest strength was the large amounts of ministers, editors, former confederate officers and political leaders who disguised themselves behind white sheets. The most reputed leader and respected in the South was General Nathan Bedford Forrest. Forrest was a legendary, confederate cavalry officer who settled in Tennessee and joined the Klan after it started to become more infamous. Forrest became the first imperial wizard of the Klan.Show MoreRelatedThe Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment1416 Words   |  6 PagesRepublican of Ohio had long been a believer in the idea of equal protection of the laws for all people, and was one of the leaders of the effort to pass the Fourteenth Amendment. While aware of the need to prove the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act with the Fourteenth Amendment, Bingham did not actually believe that the Fourteenth Amendment created any new rights. Rather, he b elieved that it created a new understanding of rights already in the Constitution. Bingham maintained that, â€Å"The†¦equalRead MoreThe Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment1875 Words   |  8 PagesThe Fourteenth Amendment stopped unlawful actions by states. It also gave Congress the power to enforce the amendment through new laws that benefited and were fair to everyone. The Fourteenth Amendment represents part of the extension of the power of the national government over the states. It has been cited in more court cases than any other part of the Constitution. It made it possible for new legislation that has protected the rights of many throughout the United States and has helped uphold equalityRead MoreThe Fourteenth And Fourteenth Amendment1018 Words   |  5 PagesThe Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendment Want to learn how everyone is equal? On May 17, 1954 the United States Supreme Court came to a decision that had immediate repercussions on the lives of black and white American citizens. Historic moment experiences have continually characterized these people into distinct racial and social entities. The thirteenth and fourteenth amendment had a positive affect on the problem of racism and segregation.The thirteenth amendment was created to abolishRead MoreThe Amendment Of The Fourteenth Amendment1532 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the thirteenth amendment, â€Å"neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† The purpose of the thirteenth amendment was to end slavery or any form of involuntary servitude everywhere among the United States. There was new hope for African Americans throughout the country but unfortunately their freedom had a limit and coincidentallyRead MoreThe Issue Of The Fourteenth Amendment952 Words   |  4 PagesThe Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868 and the amendment was put in place to protect former slaves and their rights in life. The most important part of the amendment reads, â€Å"No state shall ‘deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person†¦ the equal protection of the laws.’† This simple statement has one of the most profound and incredible parts of the United States today. The equal protection of the laws show that there must be equal treatmentRead MoreThe Equal Protection Clause Of The Fourteenth Amendment976 Words   |  4 PagesIt was in this case that the plaintiff, Abigail N. Fisher filed suit against the University of Texas with the claim that the University had violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 13th Amendment. The main question that arose in the q uestion was, â€Å"does the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment permit the consideration of race in undergraduate admissions decisions†. The overall decision of the Supreme Court was that the University of Texas hadn’t violated the Equal Protection ClauseRead MoreThe Equal Protection Clause Of The Fourteenth Amendment3764 Words   |  16 PagesThe equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution was at first created to protect against racial discrimination, but the Supreme Court later expanded the clause to also providing equal treatment amongst different races. The clause says, â€Å"No state shall†¦deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws† (U.S. Constitution. Art./Amend. XIV, Sec. 1.) A person could not be discriminated upon solely because of his or her race and if the law treated aRead More The Fourteenth Amendment and Equality Under the Law Essay774 Words   |  4 PagesThe Four teenth Amendment and Equality Under the Law The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in 1868 as one of the longest amendments to the Constitution with five parts in total. The most significant part is section one. In the very first sentence of section one, ? All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, as citizens of the United States and of the state where in they reside? citizenship was universalized. The Amendment was designed to prohibitRead MoreThe Equal Protection Clause From The Fourteenth Amendment1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe Equal Protection Clause derives from the Fourteenth Amendment, which specifies â€Å"no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As a part of the Reconstruction Amendments, the aforementioned clause was meant to ensure racial equality in the Reconstruction Period and has been applied successfully against the affirmative action. Introduced in United States v. Carolene Products Co., the stri ct scrutiny has been applied to the cases, in which a fundamentalRead MoreThe Importance of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution2912 Words   |  12 PagesThe importance of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is such that some have called it the amendment that â€Å"completed the Constitution.† When it was ratified on July 9th, 1868, the amendment became one of legislative cornerstones of the Reconstruction Era, a time in which the Radical Republicans, led by John A. Bingham and Thaddeus Stevens, promulgated a legislative program focused on providing racial equality before the law. Among the laws passed in the Reconstruction Era

Rising Professional Sport Ticket Prices free essay sample

Rising Professional Sport Ticket Prices COMM/105 Rising Professional Sport Ticket Prices The rise of ticket prices for sporting events in America has spiraled out of control into a nosedive that may prove to be impossible to recover from. Dedicated fans of most economic status are becoming more inclined to watch sporting events on television than ever before, turning many families into perpetual couch potatoes. This is a direct result of the current greed of professional sports as a whole and continued rising ticket costs.With price increases ruthlessly applied over the years, the impact of increased ticket prices on middle class, and even professional sports â€Å"sticking it† to their season ticket holders, the effects have become devastating for sports fans. The costs of sporting events in America have soared to an incredible high over the decades. Baseball, basketball, football, and hockey have become important in our society for escape and entertainment for all ages over the history of the United States. When professional sports gained nationwide popularity in the 1950s, ticket prices were tailored to fit the average American’s budget.A major league Baseball ticket averaged a mere $1. 54 in 1950. (Haupert, 2007) In the 1950s, a child of preteen age could afford to attend a professional baseball game on allowance money afforded to him by his parents. In 2009, the average ticket price for a Major League baseball game is a steep $25. 40. (Press, 2008) Those days of â€Å"fun for all† have been put to a violent halt by the owners and proprietors of professional sports. As expected, ticket prices have increased with inflation as with any other consumer product, but the greediness of the owners and those associated has taken over in professional sports.Because of the popularity increasing, owners have felt the need to drastically increase profits at the fans expense. This incredible increase is not applied in Major League baseball exclusively. All professional sports have become greedy for profit by increasing ticket prices to absurd heights; thus leaving the dedicated fans scratching their heads in wonder. With the price increases out of control, the average middle class fan has been shunned out of the opportunity to enjoy a unique experience. The experience to walk through the tunnel of concrete for the first time and witness the monumental structure of a tadium. To smell the hot dogs, popcorn, and various sport required tools like rosin, pine tar, or freshly-cut grass is a memory that would last a lifetime. To be a part of a game that will be set in the record books, and to be able to tell grandchildren, â€Å"I was there when it happened,† is priceless. To have the access to watch a sports idol at a public venue is an incredible experience many children dream about. This dream is being shattered by ticket prices to these venues being too high for the lower and middle class to be able to attend.The National Football League’s Super Bowl, being the biggest American sports event of each year, now has become unreachable for the average consumer. The cost for a Super Bowl ticket in 1969 was a very comfortable and fair $12. In 2008, a Super Bowl ticket was a whopping $700! (MacMillan Lehman, 2008) This price increase is totally uncalled for, but the stadiums are continuing to fill to capacity. Unfortunately, a large portion of the fans that fill stadiums are wealthy, or have saved for years to attend a single event. Fans have complained for years that rising ticket prices- and new stadiums that emphasize boosting revenues through luxury suites and club seats- have been driving the middle class out of the stadiums. † (McCarthy, 2008) With stadiums and arena’s now catering exclusively to the wealthy, middle and lower class are left bitter and shackled to a television for their sports memories and experiences. With the middle class firmly out of the picture, it was time for the owners of sports franchises to focus their greed on season ticket holders.Loyalty is usually rewarded when it comes to dedication to those in power. Unfortunately, those in power in this case are the owners of sports franchises. Owners have decided to award loyal season ticket holders with drastic season ticket increases to pay for the sky-high player salaries and lush new stadium ammenities. For example, in 1993, a New York Mets Major League Baseball season ticket holder paid $5,837 to enjoy a season of Professional Baseball†¦In 2009; it will now cost him $56,700 for the same tickets! Mushnick, 2008) This incredible and scary statistic points out a truth that proponents against price increases don’t enjoy hearing: The aforementioned season ticket holder agreed to continue with the purchase of these tickets! With so many wealthy Americans agreeing to pay ridiculous prices, and the problem continuing to be swept under the rug, it can only get worse. To complain that the prices are too high and continue to pay to attend sporting events is the most frustrating part of the whole issue. The old saying, â€Å"the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer†, is ringing true now in sports. If the sports legends of yesterday could see the state of which professional sports owners greediness have reached, they would be sorely dissapointed. The fact that the players are able to ask and receive more and more money is only hurting the issue and sealing the average sport fans fate. To be a middle or lower class sports fan in America in the 21st century means that you have to be willing to spend hours sitting on the couch with your children to enjoy professional sports. The experience that fills the senses at a professional sports venue is becoming something that only adults can afford to partake in.The cause for the increase in sport ticket prices is not the important item to be addressed, but what the owners, players, and fans can do to bring the price back under reigns for the american consumer of any financial status to enjoy. References Haupert, M. (2007, December 3). The Economic History of Major League Baseball. Retrieved September 27, 2009, from eh. net encyclopedia: http://eh. net/encyclopedia/article/haupert. mlb MacMillan, D. , Lehman, P. (2008). Business Week. Retrieved September 27, 2009, from images. businessweek. com: ttp://images. businessweek. com/ss/08/01/0128_superbowl_tickets/index_01. htm McCarthy, M. (2008, October 17). USA Today. Retrieved September 27, 2009, from usatoday. com: http://www. usatoday. com/sports/2008-10-17-sports-economy_N. htm Mushnick, P. (2008, July 11). New York Post. Retrieved September 27, 2009, from newyorkpost. com: http://www. nypost. com/p/sports/mets/citi_slickers_stBx3xhx392vpvD0rssPWM Press, A. (2008, March 28). espn. Retrieved September 27, 2009, from espn. com: http://sports. espn. go. com/espn/wire? section=mlbid=3317969